Bruce C. Beaudoin
Lower-crustal deformation during terrane dispersion along strike-slip faults (in Seismic reflection probing of the continents and their margins)
Tectonophysics (April 1994), 232(1-4):257-266

Abstract:
After accretion, terranes caught between obliquely converging plates are often displaced several hundreds of kilometers. How this motion is accommodated at depth is not well known. Spurred by our Trans-Alaskan Crustal Transect (TACT) seismic studies of the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Alaska, I propose that the lower crust responds ductilely to accommodate differential movement between upper crust and upper mantle during margin-parallel translation. The locations of these ductile regions are dependent on temperature, composition and strain rate. For geotherms based on moderate surface heat flow (60-90 mWm (super -2) ) and reasonable geological strain rates (100% in 3 Ma), typical lower-crustal rocks can deform ductilely. The resultant subhorizontal layered fabric should be detectable with seismic techniques. Two terranes that have experienced hundreds of kilometers of margin-parallel translation, the Yukon-Tanana terrane sampled by our seismic refraction/wide-angle reflection profiles and the Salinian block (California) sampled by both seismic refraction and reflection, have reflective lower crust. Both of these terranes have moderate to high surface heat flows, have relatively thin crust, and are interpreted seismically to be underlain by a quartzo-feldspathic lower crust; conditions favorable for ductile deformation in the lower crust. Interpretations of lower-crustal layering for these two terranes is based on an increase in lower-crustal reflectivity. This layering is attributed to tectonic banding consistent with ductile deformation.